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19 <a id="forkme_banner" href="https://github.com/Proxmark/proxmark3">View on GitHub</a>
20
21 <h1 id="project_title">Proxmark3</h1>
22 <h2 id="project_tagline">Proxmark 3</h2>
23
24 <section id="downloads">
25 <a class="zip_download_link" href="https://github.com/Proxmark/proxmark3/zipball/master">Download this project as a .zip file</a>
26 <a class="tar_download_link" href="https://github.com/Proxmark/proxmark3/tarball/master">Download this project as a tar.gz file</a>
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34 <p>NOTICE:
35(2014-03-17)
36Moving the repository from google code to GitHub is up for discussion!
37Please check out the following thread and post your comments...
38<a href="http://www.proxmark.org/forum/viewtopic.php?id=1902">http://www.proxmark.org/forum/viewtopic.php?id=1902</a>
39Discussions will close on March 31st.</p>
40
41<h1>
42<a name="proxmark" class="anchor" href="#proxmark"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Proxmark</h1>
43
44<p>The Proxmark III is a device developed by Jonathan Westhues that enables sniffing, reading and cloning of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags. For my master thesis I wanted to look at the communication of Mifare Classic cards. Mifare Classic is used in many applications and is the most popular contactless card around. It is used in e-ticketing, public transport and access control. The higher-level protocol is kept secret by the manufacturer (NXP). I made an implementation of the ISO14443 type A standard for the Proxmark since Mifare is based on this communication standard.</p>
45
46<p>After a lot of debugging and many noisy traces the Proxmark was ready for some real analysis. I focused on the Mifare Classic card and was happy to let the communication between card and reader appear on my screen. I could see the anticollision phase where the reader selects the card to communicate with. This was followed by an authentication and after that all communication was encrypted. The findings of this research are published on arxiv.org as A Practical Attack on the Mifare Classic</p>
47
48<p>In December 2007 I saw the presentation of Karsten Nohl and Henryk Plotz where they showed how they reverse engineered the Mifare Classic chip. I was working on the same subject in Nijmegen. The Mifare system relied on security by obscurity and now the secrets are revealed there is no card-level security left. A video on youtube shows a demo that we gave on March 12th. It shows how we access a building with a cloned card.</p>
49
50<h2>
51<a name="checkout-the-repo" class="anchor" href="#checkout-the-repo"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Checkout the repo...</h2>
52
53<pre><code>$ cd your_repo_root/repo_name
54$ git fetch origin
55$ git checkout gh-pages
56</code></pre>
57
58<p>If you're using the GitHub for Mac, simply sync your repository and you'll see the new branch.</p>
59
60<h1>
61<a name="intro-2" class="anchor" href="#intro-2"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>INTRO 2</h1>
62
63<p>This file contains enough software, logic (for the FPGA), and design
64documentation for the hardware that you could, at least in theory,
65do something useful with a proxmark3. It has commands to:</p>
66
67<pre><code>* read any kind of 125 kHz unidirectional tag
68* simulate any kind of 125 kHz unidirectional tag
69</code></pre>
70
71<p>(This is enough to perform all of the silly cloning attacks, like the
72ones that I did at the Capitol in Sacramento, or anything involving
73a Verichip. From a technical standpoint, these are not that exciting,
74although the `software radio' architecture of the proxmark3 makes it
75easy and fun to support new formats.)</p>
76
77<p>As a bonus, I include some code to use the 13.56 MHz hardware, so you can:</p>
78
79<pre><code>* do anything that a (medium-range) ISO 15693 reader could
80* read an ISO 14443 tag, if you know the higher-layer protocol
81* pretend to be an ISO 14443 tag, if you know the higher-layer protocol
82* snoop on an ISO 14443 transaction
83</code></pre>
84
85<p>I am not actively developing any of this. I have other projects that
86seem to be more useful.</p>
87
88<h2>
89<a name="using-the-package" class="anchor" href="#using-the-package"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>USING THE PACKAGE</h2>
90
91<p>The software tools required to build include:</p>
92
93<ul>
94<li>cygwin or other unix-like tools for Windows</li>
95<li>devkitPro (<a href="http://wiki.devkitpro.org/index.php/Getting_Started/devkitARM">http://wiki.devkitpro.org/index.php/Getting_Started/devkitARM</a>)</li>
96<li>Xilinx's WebPack tools</li>
97<li>Modelsim (for test only)</li>
98<li>perl</li>
99</ul><p>When installing devkitPro, you only need to install the compiler itself. Additional
100support libraries are not required.</p>
101
102<p>Documentation is minimal, but see the doc/ directory for what exists. A
103previous familiarity with the ARM, with digital signal processing,
104and with embedded programming in general is assumed.</p>
105
106<p>The device is used through a specialized command line interface; for
107example, to clone a Verichip, you might type:</p>
108
109<pre><code>loread ; this reads the tag, and stores the
110 ; raw samples in memory on the ARM
111
112losamples ; then we download the samples to
113 ; the PC
114
115vchdemod clone ; demodulate the ID, and then put it
116 ; back in a format that we can replay
117
118losim ; and then replay it
119</code></pre>
120
121<p>To read an ISO 15693 tag, you might type:</p>
122
123<pre><code>hiread ; read the tag; this involves sending a
124 ; particular command, and then getting
125 ; the response (which is stored as raw
126 ; samples in memory on the ARM)
127
128hisamples ; then download those samples to the PC
129
130hi15demod ; and demod them to bits (and check the
131 ; CRC etc. at the same time)
132</code></pre>
133
134<p>Notice that in both cases the signal processing mostly happened on the PC
135side; that is of course not practical for a real reader, but it is easier
136to initially write your code and debug on the PC side than on the ARM. As
137long as you use integer math (and I do), it's trivial to port it over
138when you're done.</p>
139
140<p>The USB driver and bootloader are documented (and available separately
141for download, if you wish to use them in another project) at</p>
142
143<pre><code>http://cq.cx/trivia.pl
144</code></pre>
145
146<h2>
147<a name="obtaining-hardware" class="anchor" href="#obtaining-hardware"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>OBTAINING HARDWARE:</h2>
148
149<p>Most of the ultra-low-volume contract assemblers that have sprung up
150(Screaming Circuits, the various cheap Asian suppliers, etc.) could put
151something like this together with a reasonable yield. A run of around
152a dozen units is probably cost-effective. The BOM includes (possibly-
153outdated) component pricing, and everything is available from Digikey
154and the usual distributors.</p>
155
156<p>If you've never assembled a modern circuit board by hand, then this is
157not a good place to start. Some of the components (e.g. the crystals)
158must not be assembled with a soldering iron, and require hot air.</p>
159
160<p>The schematics are included; the component values given are not
161necessarily correct for all situations, but it should be possible to do
162nearly anything you would want with appropriate population options.</p>
163
164<p>The printed circuit board artwork is also available, as Gerbers and an
165Excellon drill file.</p>
166
167<h2>
168<a name="future-plans-enhancements-that-you-could-make" class="anchor" href="#future-plans-enhancements-that-you-could-make"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>FUTURE PLANS, ENHANCEMENTS THAT YOU COULD MAKE:</h2>
169
170<p>At some point I should write software involving a proper real-time
171operating system for the ARM. I would then provide interrupt-driven
172drivers for many of the peripherals that are polled now (the USB,
173the data stream from the FPGA), which would make it easier to develop
174complex applications.</p>
175
176<p>It would not be all that hard to implement the ISO 15693 reader properly
177(with anticollision, all the commands supported, and so on)--the signal
178processing is already written, so it is all straightforward applications
179work.</p>
180
181<p>I have basic support for ISO 14443 as well: a sniffer, a simulated
182tag, and a reader. It won't do anything useful unless you fill in the
183high-layer protocol.</p>
184
185<p>Nicer (i.e., closer-to-optimal) implementations of all kinds of signal
186processing would be useful as well.</p>
187
188<p>A practical implementation of the learning-the-tag's-ID-from-what-the-
189reader-broadcasts-during-anticollision attacks would be relatively
190straightforward. This would involve some signal processing on the FPGA,
191but not much else after that.</p>
192
193<p>It would be neat to write a driver that could stream samples from the A/Ds
194over USB to the PC, using the full available bandwidth of USB. I am not
195yet sure what that would be good for, but surely something. This would
196require a kernel-mode driver under Windows, though, which is more work.</p>
197
198<h2>
199<a name="licensing" class="anchor" href="#licensing"><span class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>LICENSING:</h2>
200
201<p>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
202it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
203the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
204(at your option) any later version.</p>
205
206<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
207but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
208MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
209GNU General Public License for more details.</p>
210
211<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
212along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
213Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA</p>
214
215<p>Jonathan Westhues
216user jwesthues, at host cq.cx</p>
217
218<p>May 2007, Cambridge MA</p>
219 </section>
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