Some refactoring, also placed wait14443a here

[proxmark3-svn] / client / cmdhf14a.c

diff --git a/client/cmdhf14a.c b/client/cmdhf14a.c
index ebf0ea4acf23c8e16fee454c707901a1189a249d..f7e0ffa998d0a76961d72bc833de3399f88f7cde 100644 (file)
--- a/client/cmdhf14a.c
+++ b/client/cmdhf14a.c
@@ -1,18 +1,38 @@
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// 2011, Merlok
+// Copyright (C) 2010 iZsh <izsh at fail0verflow.com>, Hagen Fritsch
+//
+// This code is licensed to you under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or,
+// at your option, any later version. See the LICENSE.txt file for the text of
+// the license.
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// High frequency ISO14443A commands
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+

 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdio.h>

+#include <stdlib.h>

 #include <string.h>
 #include <string.h>

+#include <unistd.h>
+#include "util.h"

 #include "iso14443crc.h"
 #include "data.h"
 #include "iso14443crc.h"
 #include "data.h"

-#include "proxusb.h"
+//#include "proxusb.h"
+#include "proxmark3.h"

 #include "ui.h"
 #include "cmdparser.h"
 #include "cmdhf14a.h"
 #include "ui.h"
 #include "cmdparser.h"
 #include "cmdhf14a.h"

+#include "common.h"
+#include "cmdmain.h"
+#include "mifare.h"

 
 static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd);
 
 static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd);

+static void waitCmd(uint8_t iLen);

 
 int CmdHF14AList(const char *Cmd)
 {
   uint8_t got[1920];
 
 int CmdHF14AList(const char *Cmd)
 {
   uint8_t got[1920];

-  GetFromBigBuf(got, sizeof(got));
+  GetFromBigBuf(got,sizeof(got),0);
+  WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,NULL);

 
   PrintAndLog("recorded activity:");
   PrintAndLog(" ETU     :rssi: who bytes");
 
   PrintAndLog("recorded activity:");
   PrintAndLog(" ETU     :rssi: who bytes");


@@ -133,62 +153,479 @@ int CmdHF14AList(const char *Cmd)
     prev = timestamp;
     i += (len + 9);
   }
     prev = timestamp;
     i += (len + 9);
   }

-  return 0;
+       return 0;

 }
 
 }
 

-int CmdHF14AMifare(const char *Cmd)
-{
-  UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_MIFARE, {strtol(Cmd, NULL, 0), 0, 0}};
-  SendCommand(&c);
-  return 0;
+void iso14a_set_timeout(uint32_t timeout) {
+       UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_SET_TIMEOUT, 0, timeout}};
+       SendCommand(&c);

 }
 
 int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd)
 {
 }
 
 int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd)
 {

-  UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {strtol(Cmd, NULL, 0), 0, 0}};
-  SendCommand(&c);
-  return 0;
+       UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_CONNECT, 0, 0}};
+       SendCommand(&c);
+
+       UsbCommand resp;
+  WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,&resp);
+       
+       iso14a_card_select_t *card = (iso14a_card_select_t *)resp.d.asBytes;
+
+       if(resp.arg[0] == 0) {
+               PrintAndLog("iso14443a card select failed");
+               return 0;
+       }
+
+       PrintAndLog("ATQA : %02x %02x", card->atqa[0], card->atqa[1]);
+       PrintAndLog(" UID : %s", sprint_hex(card->uid, card->uidlen));
+       PrintAndLog(" SAK : %02x [%d]", card->sak, resp.arg[0]);
+
+       switch (card->sak) {
+               case 0x00: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Ultralight | Ultralight C"); break;
+               case 0x04: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE (various !DESFire !DESFire EV1)"); break;
+
+               case 0x08: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE CLASSIC 1k | Plus 2k"); break;
+               case 0x09: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Mini 0.3k"); break;
+               case 0x10: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Plus 2k"); break;
+               case 0x11: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Plus 4k"); break;
+               case 0x18: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Classic 4k | Plus 4k"); break;
+               case 0x20: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE DESFire 4k | DESFire EV1 2k/4k/8k | Plus 2k/4k | JCOP 31/41"); break;
+               case 0x24: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE DESFire | DESFire EV1"); break;
+               case 0x28: PrintAndLog("TYPE : JCOP31 or JCOP41 v2.3.1"); break;
+               case 0x38: PrintAndLog("TYPE : Nokia 6212 or 6131 MIFARE CLASSIC 4K"); break;
+               case 0x88: PrintAndLog("TYPE : Infineon MIFARE CLASSIC 1K"); break;
+               case 0x98: PrintAndLog("TYPE : Gemplus MPCOS"); break;
+               default: ;
+       }
+       if(resp.arg[0] == 1) {
+               bool ta1 = 0, tb1 = 0, tc1 = 0;
+               int pos;
+
+               PrintAndLog(" ATS : %s", sprint_hex(card->ats, card->ats_len));
+               if (card->ats_len > 0) {
+                       PrintAndLog("       -  TL : length is %d bytes", card->ats[0]);
+               }
+               if (card->ats_len > 1) {
+                       ta1 = (card->ats[1] & 0x10) == 0x10;
+                       tb1 = (card->ats[1] & 0x20) == 0x20;
+                       tc1 = (card->ats[1] & 0x40) == 0x40;
+                       PrintAndLog("       -  T0 : TA1 is%s present, TB1 is%s present, "
+                                       "TC1 is%s present, FSCI is %d",
+                               (ta1 ? "" : " NOT"), (tb1 ? "" : " NOT"), (tc1 ? "" : " NOT"),
+                               (card->ats[1] & 0x0f));
+               }
+               pos = 2;
+               if (ta1 && card->ats_len > pos) {
+                       char dr[16], ds[16];
+                       dr[0] = ds[0] = '\0';
+                       if (card->ats[pos] & 0x10) strcat(ds, "2, ");
+                       if (card->ats[pos] & 0x20) strcat(ds, "4, ");
+                       if (card->ats[pos] & 0x40) strcat(ds, "8, ");
+                       if (card->ats[pos] & 0x01) strcat(dr, "2, ");
+                       if (card->ats[pos] & 0x02) strcat(dr, "4, ");
+                       if (card->ats[pos] & 0x04) strcat(dr, "8, ");
+                       if (strlen(ds) != 0) ds[strlen(ds) - 2] = '\0';
+                       if (strlen(dr) != 0) dr[strlen(dr) - 2] = '\0';
+                       PrintAndLog("       - TA1 : different divisors are%s supported, "
+                                       "DR: [%s], DS: [%s]",
+                                       (card->ats[pos] & 0x80 ? " NOT" : ""), dr, ds);
+                       pos++;
+               }
+               if (tb1 && card->ats_len > pos) {
+                       PrintAndLog("       - TB1 : SFGI = %d, FWI = %d",
+                                       (card->ats[pos] & 0x08),
+                                       (card->ats[pos] & 0x80) >> 4);
+                       pos++;
+               }
+               if (tc1 && card->ats_len > pos) {
+                       PrintAndLog("       - TC1 : NAD is%s supported, CID is%s supported",
+                                       (card->ats[pos] & 0x01) ? "" : " NOT",
+                                       (card->ats[pos] & 0x02) ? "" : " NOT");
+                       pos++;
+               }
+               if (card->ats_len > pos) {
+                       char *tip = "";
+                       if (card->ats_len - pos > 7) {
+                               if (memcmp(card->ats + pos, "\xC1\x05\x2F\x2F\x01\xBC\xD6", 7) == 0) {
+                                       tip = "-> MIFARE Plus X 2K or 4K";
+                               } else if (memcmp(card->ats + pos, "\xC1\x05\x2F\x2F\x00\x35\xC7", 7) == 0) {
+                                       tip = "-> MIFARE Plus S 2K or 4K";
+                               }
+                       } 
+                       PrintAndLog("       -  HB : %s%s", sprint_hex(card->ats + pos, card->ats_len - pos - 2), tip);
+                       if (card->ats[pos] == 0xC1) {
+                               PrintAndLog("               c1 -> Mifare or (multiple) virtual cards of various type");
+                               PrintAndLog("                  %02x -> Length is %d bytes",
+                                               card->ats[pos + 1], card->ats[pos + 1]);
+                               switch (card->ats[pos + 2] & 0xf0) {
+                                       case 0x10:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     1x -> MIFARE DESFire");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x20:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     2x -> MIFARE Plus");
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                               switch (card->ats[pos + 2] & 0x0f) {
+                                       case 0x00:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     x0 -> <1 kByte");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x01:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     x0 -> 1 kByte");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x02:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     x0 -> 2 kByte");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x03:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     x0 -> 4 kByte");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x04:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                     x0 -> 8 kByte");
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                               switch (card->ats[pos + 3] & 0xf0) {
+                                       case 0x00:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                        0x -> Engineering sample");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x20:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                        2x -> Released");
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                               switch (card->ats[pos + 3] & 0x0f) {
+                                       case 0x00:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                        x0 -> Generation 1");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x01:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                        x1 -> Generation 2");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x02:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                        x2 -> Generation 3");
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                               switch (card->ats[pos + 4] & 0x0f) {
+                                       case 0x00:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                           x0 -> Only VCSL supported");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x01:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                           x1 -> VCS, VCSL, and SVC supported");
+                                               break;
+                                       case 0x0E:
+                                               PrintAndLog("                           xE -> no VCS command supported");
+                                               break;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       } else {
+               PrintAndLog("proprietary non iso14443a-4 card found, RATS not supported");
+  }
+
+       return resp.arg[0];
+}
+
+// Collect ISO14443 Type A UIDs
+int CmdHF14ACUIDs(const char *Cmd)
+{
+       // requested number of UIDs
+       int n = atoi(Cmd);
+       // collect at least 1 (e.g. if no parameter was given)
+       n = n > 0 ? n : 1;
+
+       PrintAndLog("Collecting %d UIDs", n);
+       PrintAndLog("Start: %u", time(NULL));
+       // repeat n times
+       for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+               // execute anticollision procedure
+               UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_CONNECT, 0, 0}};
+               SendCommand(&c);
+    
+    UsbCommand resp;
+    WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,&resp);
+
+               uint8_t *uid  = resp.d.asBytes;
+               iso14a_card_select_t *card = (iso14a_card_select_t *)(uid + 12);
+
+               // check if command failed
+               if (resp.arg[0] == 0) {
+                       PrintAndLog("Card select failed.");
+               } else {
+                       // check if UID is 4 bytes
+                       if ((card->atqa[1] & 0xC0) == 0) {
+                               PrintAndLog("%02X%02X%02X%02X",
+                                           *uid, *(uid + 1), *(uid + 2), *(uid + 3));
+                       } else {
+                               PrintAndLog("UID longer than 4 bytes");
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       PrintAndLog("End: %u", time(NULL));
+
+       return 1;

 }
 
 // ## simulate iso14443a tag
 // ## greg - added ability to specify tag UID
 int CmdHF14ASim(const char *Cmd)
 }
 
 // ## simulate iso14443a tag
 // ## greg - added ability to specify tag UID
 int CmdHF14ASim(const char *Cmd)

-{                                 
+{
+       UsbCommand c = {CMD_SIMULATE_TAG_ISO_14443a,{0,0,0}};
+       
+       // Retrieve the tag type
+       uint8_t tagtype = param_get8ex(Cmd,0,0,10);
+       
+       // When no argument was given, just print help message
+       if (tagtype == 0) {
+               PrintAndLog("");
+               PrintAndLog(" Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with 4 or 7 byte UID");
+               PrintAndLog("");
+               PrintAndLog("   syntax: hf 14a sim <type> <uid>");
+               PrintAndLog("    types: 1 = MIFARE Classic");
+               PrintAndLog("           2 = MIFARE Ultralight");
+               PrintAndLog("           3 = MIFARE DESFIRE");
+               PrintAndLog("           4 = ISO/IEC 14443-4");
+               PrintAndLog("");
+               return 1;
+       }
+       
+       // Store the tag type
+       c.arg[0] = tagtype;
+       
+       // Retrieve the full 4 or 7 byte long uid 
+       uint64_t long_uid = param_get64ex(Cmd,1,0,16);
+
+       // Are we handling the (optional) second part uid?
+       if (long_uid > 0xffffffff) {
+               PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with 7 byte UID (%014"llx")",long_uid);
+               // Store the second part
+               c.arg[2] = (long_uid & 0xffffffff);
+               long_uid >>= 32;
+               // Store the first part, ignore the first byte, it is replaced by cascade byte (0x88)
+               c.arg[1] = (long_uid & 0xffffff);
+       } else {
+               PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with 4 byte UID (%08x)",long_uid);
+               // Only store the first part
+               c.arg[1] = long_uid & 0xffffffff;
+       }
+/*
+               // At lease save the mandatory first part of the UID
+               c.arg[0] = long_uid & 0xffffffff;

 
 

+       
+       // At lease save the mandatory first part of the UID
+       c.arg[0] = long_uid & 0xffffffff;
+       
+       if (c.arg[1] == 0) {
+               PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with UID %01d %08x %08x",c.arg[0],c.arg[1],c.arg[2]);
+       }
+       
+       switch (c.arg[0]) {
+               case 1: {
+                       PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443-3 type A tag with 4 byte UID");
+                       UsbCommand c = {CMD_SIMULATE_TAG_ISO_14443a,param_get32ex(Cmd,0,0,10),param_get32ex(Cmd,1,0,16),param_get32ex(Cmd,2,0,16)};
+               } break;
+               case 2: {
+                       PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443-4 type A tag with 7 byte UID");
+               } break;
+               default: {
+                       PrintAndLog("Error: unkown tag type (%d)",c.arg[0]);
+                       PrintAndLog("syntax: hf 14a sim <uid>",c.arg[0]);
+                       PrintAndLog(" type1: 4 ",c.arg[0]);
+
+                       return 1;
+               } break;
+       }       
+*/
+/*

   unsigned int hi = 0, lo = 0;
   int n = 0, i = 0;
   while (sscanf(&Cmd[i++], "%1x", &n ) == 1) {
     hi= (hi << 4) | (lo >> 28);
     lo= (lo << 4) | (n & 0xf);
   }
   unsigned int hi = 0, lo = 0;
   int n = 0, i = 0;
   while (sscanf(&Cmd[i++], "%1x", &n ) == 1) {
     hi= (hi << 4) | (lo >> 28);
     lo= (lo << 4) | (n & 0xf);
   }

-
-  // c.arg should be set to *Cmd or convert *Cmd to the correct format for a uid
-  UsbCommand c = {CMD_SIMULATE_TAG_ISO_14443a, {hi, lo, 0}};
-  PrintAndLog("Emulating 14443A TAG with UID %x%16x", hi, lo);
+*/
+//     UsbCommand c = {CMD_SIMULATE_TAG_ISO_14443a,param_get32ex(Cmd,0,0,10),param_get32ex(Cmd,1,0,16),param_get32ex(Cmd,2,0,16)};
+//  PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with UID %01d %08x %08x",c.arg[0],c.arg[1],c.arg[2]);

   SendCommand(&c);
   return 0;
 }
 
   SendCommand(&c);
   return 0;
 }
 

-int CmdHF14ASnoop(const char *Cmd)
-{
-  UsbCommand c = {CMD_SNOOP_ISO_14443a};
+int CmdHF14ASnoop(const char *Cmd) {
+       int param = 0;
+       
+       if (param_getchar(Cmd, 0) == 'h') {
+               PrintAndLog("It get data from the field and saves it into command buffer.");
+               PrintAndLog("Buffer accessible from command hf 14a list.");
+               PrintAndLog("Usage:  hf 14a snoop [c][r]");
+               PrintAndLog("c - triggered by first data from card");
+               PrintAndLog("r - triggered by first 7-bit request from reader (REQ,WUP,...)");
+               PrintAndLog("sample: hf 14a snoop c r");
+               return 0;
+       }       
+       
+       for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
+               char ctmp = param_getchar(Cmd, i);
+               if (ctmp == 'c' || ctmp == 'C') param |= 0x01;
+               if (ctmp == 'r' || ctmp == 'R') param |= 0x02;
+       }
+
+  UsbCommand c = {CMD_SNOOP_ISO_14443a, {param, 0, 0}};

   SendCommand(&c);
   return 0;
 }
 
   SendCommand(&c);
   return 0;
 }
 

+int CmdHF14ACmdRaw(const char *cmd) {
+    UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {0, 0, 0}};
+    uint8_t reply=1;
+    uint8_t crc=0;
+    uint8_t power=0;
+    uint8_t active=0;
+    uint8_t active_select=0;
+    uint16_t numbits=0;
+    char buf[5]="";
+    int i=0;
+    uint8_t data[100];
+    unsigned int datalen=0, temp;
+
+    if (strlen(cmd)<2) {
+        PrintAndLog("Usage: hf 14a raw [-r] [-c] [-p] [-f] [-b] <number of bits> <0A 0B 0C ... hex>");
+        PrintAndLog("       -r    do not read response");
+        PrintAndLog("       -c    calculate and append CRC");
+        PrintAndLog("       -p    leave the signal field ON after receive");
+        PrintAndLog("       -a    active signal field ON without select");
+        PrintAndLog("       -s    active signal field ON with select");
+        PrintAndLog("       -b    number of bits to send. Useful for send partial byte");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // strip
+    while (*cmd==' ' || *cmd=='\t') cmd++;
+
+    while (cmd[i]!='\0') {
+        if (cmd[i]==' ' || cmd[i]=='\t') { i++; continue; }
+        if (cmd[i]=='-') {
+            switch (cmd[i+1]) {
+                case 'r': 
+                    reply=0;
+                    break;
+                case 'c':
+                    crc=1;
+                    break;
+                case 'p':
+                    power=1;
+                    break;
+                case 'a':
+                    active=1;
+                    break;
+                case 's':
+                    active_select=1;
+                    break;
+                case 'b': 
+                    sscanf(cmd+i+2,"%d",&temp);
+                    numbits = temp & 0xFFFF;
+                    i+=3;
+                    while(cmd[i]!=' ' && cmd[i]!='\0') { i++; }
+                    i-=2;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    PrintAndLog("Invalid option");
+                    return 0;
+            }
+            i+=2;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ((cmd[i]>='0' && cmd[i]<='9') ||
+            (cmd[i]>='a' && cmd[i]<='f') ||
+            (cmd[i]>='A' && cmd[i]<='F') ) {
+            buf[strlen(buf)+1]=0;
+            buf[strlen(buf)]=cmd[i];
+            i++;
+
+            if (strlen(buf)>=2) {
+                sscanf(buf,"%x",&temp);
+                data[datalen]=(uint8_t)(temp & 0xff);
+                datalen++;
+                *buf=0;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        PrintAndLog("Invalid char on input");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if(crc && datalen>0)
+    {
+        uint8_t first, second;
+        ComputeCrc14443(CRC_14443_A, data, datalen, &first, &second);
+        data[datalen++] = first;
+        data[datalen++] = second;
+    }
+
+    if(active || active_select)
+    {
+        c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_CONNECT;
+        if(active)
+            c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_NO_SELECT;
+    }
+    if(power)
+        c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_NO_DISCONNECT;
+    if(datalen>0)
+        c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_RAW;
+
+    c.arg[1] = datalen;
+    c.arg[2] = numbits;
+    memcpy(c.d.asBytes,data,datalen);
+
+    SendCommand(&c);
+
+    if (reply) {
+        if(active_select)
+            waitCmd(1);
+        if(datalen>0)
+            waitCmd(0);
+    } // if reply
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void waitCmd(uint8_t iSelect)
+{
+    uint8_t *recv;
+    UsbCommand resp;
+    char *hexout;
+
+    if (WaitForResponseTimeout(CMD_ACK,&resp,1000)) {
+        recv = resp.d.asBytes;
+        uint8_t iLen = iSelect ? resp.arg[1] : resp.arg[0];
+        PrintAndLog("received %i octets",iLen);
+        if(!iLen)
+            return;
+        hexout = (char *)malloc(iLen * 3 + 1);
+        if (hexout != NULL) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < iLen; i++) { // data in hex
+                sprintf(&hexout[i * 3], "%02X ", recv[i]);
+            }
+            PrintAndLog("%s", hexout);
+            free(hexout);
+        } else {
+            PrintAndLog("malloc failed your client has low memory?");
+        }
+    } else {
+        PrintAndLog("timeout while waiting for reply.");
+    }
+}
+

 static command_t CommandTable[] = 
 {
 static command_t CommandTable[] = 
 {

-  {"help",    CmdHelp,        1, "This help"},
-  {"list",    CmdHF14AList,   0, "List ISO 14443a history"},
-  {"mifare",  CmdHF14AMifare, 0, "Read out sector 0 parity error messages"},
-  {"reader",  CmdHF14AReader, 0, "Act like an ISO14443 Type A reader"},
-  {"sim",     CmdHF14ASim,    0, "<UID> -- Fake ISO 14443a tag"},
-  {"snoop",   CmdHF14ASnoop,  0, "Eavesdrop ISO 14443 Type A"},
+  {"help",   CmdHelp,              1, "This help"},
+  {"list",   CmdHF14AList,         0, "List ISO 14443a history"},
+  {"reader", CmdHF14AReader,       0, "Act like an ISO14443 Type A reader"},
+  {"cuids",  CmdHF14ACUIDs,        0, "<n> Collect n>0 ISO14443 Type A UIDs in one go"},
+  {"sim",    CmdHF14ASim,          0, "<UID> -- Fake ISO 14443a tag"},
+  {"snoop",  CmdHF14ASnoop,        0, "Eavesdrop ISO 14443 Type A"},
+  {"raw",    CmdHF14ACmdRaw,       0, "Send raw hex data to tag"},

   {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
 };
 
   {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
 };
 

-int CmdHF14A(const char *Cmd)
-{
+int CmdHF14A(const char *Cmd) {
+       // flush
+       WaitForResponseTimeout(CMD_ACK,NULL,100);
+
+       // parse

   CmdsParse(CommandTable, Cmd);
   return 0;
 }
   CmdsParse(CommandTable, Cmd);
   return 0;
 }